SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Autonomous system (Internet)</title>

</head>

Autonomous system (Internet)

</h1>

</header>

An autonomous system (AS) is a collection of connected <a href="Internet_protocol_address" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet protocol address">Internet Protocol</a> (IP) <a href="Routing" title="Routing">routing</a> prefixes under the control of one or more network operators on behalf of a single administrative entity or domain, that presents a common and clearly defined routing policy to the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-rfc1930-1">[1]</a> Each AS is assigned an autonomous system number (ASN), for use in <a href="Border_Gateway_Protocol" title="Border Gateway Protocol">Border Gateway Protocol</a> (BGP) routing. Autonomous System Numbers are assigned to <a href="Regional_Internet_registry#Local_Internet_registry" title="Regional Internet registry">local Internet registries</a> (LIRs) and end-user organizations by their respective <a href="Regional_Internet_registry" title="Regional Internet registry">regional Internet registries</a> (RIRs), which in turn receive blocks of ASNs for reassignment from the <a href="Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</a> (IANA). The IANA also maintains a registry of ASNs which are reserved for private use (and should therefore not be announced to the global Internet).

Originally, the definition required control by a single entity, typically an <a href="Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service provider</a> (ISP) or a very large organization with independent connections to multiple networks, that adhered to a single and clearly defined routing policy.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> In March 1996, the newer definition came into use because multiple organizations can run <a href="Border_Gateway_Protocol" title="Border Gateway Protocol">BGP</a> using private AS numbers to an <a href="ISP" class="mw-redirect" title="ISP">ISP</a> that connects all those organizations to the Internet. Even though there may be multiple autonomous systems supported by the ISP, the Internet only sees the routing policy of the ISP. That ISP must have an officially registered ASN.

Until 2007, AS numbers were defined as 16-bit integers, which allowed for a maximum of 65,536 assignments. Since then,<a href="#cite_note-rfc4893-3">[3]</a> the <a href="Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">IANA</a> has begun to also assign 32-bit AS numbers to regional Internet registries. These numbers are written preferably as simple integers, in a notation referred to as "asplain",<a href="#cite_note-rfc5396-4">[4]</a> ranging from 0 to 4,294,967,295 (<a href="Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">hexadecimal</a> 0xFFFF FFFF). Or, alternatively, in the form called "asdot+" which looks like x.y, where x and y are 16-bit numbers. Numbers of the form 0.y are exactly the old 16-bit AS numbers. The special 16-bit ASN 23456 ("AS_TRANS")<a href="#cite_note-rfc6793-5">[5]</a> was assigned by IANA as a placeholder for 32-bit ASN values for the case when 32-bit-ASN capable routers ("new BGP speakers") send BGP messages to routers with older BGP software ("old BGP speakers") which do not understand the new 32-bit ASNs.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>

The first and last ASNs of the original 16-bit integers (0 and 65,535) and the last ASN of the 32-bit numbers (4,294,967,295) are reserved<a href="#cite_note-rfc6483-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-rfc7300-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-rfc7607-9">[9]</a> and should not be used by operators; AS0 is used by all five RIRs to invalidate unallocated space.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> ASNs 64,496 to 64,511 of the original 16-bit range and 65,536 to 65,551 of the 32-bit range are reserved for use in documentation.<a href="#cite_note-rfc5398-11">[11]</a> ASNs 64,512 to 65,534 of the original 16-bit AS range, and 4,200,000,000 to 4,294,967,294 of the 32-bit range are reserved for Private Use.<a href="#cite_note-rfc6996-12">[12]</a>

The number of unique autonomous networks in the routing system of the Internet exceeded 5,000 in 1999, 30,000 in late 2008, 35,000 in mid-2010, 42,000 in late 2012, 54,000 in mid-2016 and 60,000 in early 2018.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>

By December 2020, the number of allocated ASNs exceeded 100,000. As of 2025, there are roughly 120,000 allocated ASNs.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assignment">Assignment</h2></div>

AS numbers are assigned in blocks by <a href="Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</a> (IANA) to <a href="Regional_Internet_registry" title="Regional Internet registry">regional Internet registries</a> (RIRs). The appropriate RIR then assigns ASNs to entities within its designated area from the block assigned by IANA. Entities wishing to receive an ASN must complete the application process of their RIR, LIR or upstream service provider<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> and be approved before being assigned an ASN. Current IANA ASN assignments to RIRs can be found on the IANA website.<a href="#cite_note-iana-17">[17]</a> RIRs, as part of <a href="Number_Resource_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Number Resource Organization">NRO</a>, can revoke AS numbers as part of their <a href="Internet_governance" title="Internet governance">Internet governance</a> abilities.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a>

There are other sources for more specific data:

<ul><li><a href="APNIC" title="APNIC">APNIC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ftp.apnic.net/stats/apnic/">https://ftp.apnic.net/stats/apnic/</a></li>

<li><a href="RIPE_NCC" title="RIPE NCC">RIPE NCC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ftp.ripe.net/ripe/stats/">https://ftp.ripe.net/ripe/stats/</a></li>

<li><a href="AFRINIC" title="AFRINIC">AFRINIC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ftp.afrinic.net/pub/stats/afrinic/">https://ftp.afrinic.net/pub/stats/afrinic/</a></li>

<li><a href="ARIN" class="mw-redirect" title="ARIN">ARIN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ftp.arin.net/pub/stats/arin/">https://ftp.arin.net/pub/stats/arin/</a></li>

<li><a href="LACNIC" title="LACNIC">LACNIC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ftp.lacnic.net/pub/stats/lacnic/">https://ftp.lacnic.net/pub/stats/lacnic/</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ASN_table">ASN table</h2></div>

A complete table of available 16-bit and 32-bit ASN:<a href="#cite_note-iana-17">[17]</a>

<th>Number

</th>

<th>Bits

</th>

<th>Description

</th>

<th>Reference

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>0

</td>

<td>16

</td>

<td>Reserved for <a href="Resource_Public_Key_Infrastructure" title="Resource Public Key Infrastructure">RPKI</a> unallocated space invalidation<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a>

</td>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><a href="RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6483">6483</a>, RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7607">7607</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1–23455

</td>

<td>16

</td>

<td>Public ASNs

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>23456

</td>

<td>16

</td>

<td>Reserved for AS Pool Transition

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>23457–64495

</td>

<td>16

</td>

<td>Public ASNs

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>64496–64511

</td>

<td>16

</td>

<td>Reserved for use in documentation and sample code

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>64512–65534

</td>

<td>16

</td>

<td>Reserved for private use

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>65535

</td>

<td>16

</td>

<td>Reserved

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>65536–65551

</td>

<td>32

</td>

<td>Reserved for use in documentation and sample code

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>65552–131071

</td>

<td>32

</td>

<td>Reserved

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>131072–4199999999

</td>

<td>32

</td>

<td>Public 32-bit ASNs

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>4200000000–4294967294

</td>

<td>32

</td>

<td>Reserved for private use

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>4294967295

</td>

<td>32

</td>

<td>Reserved

</td>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div>

Autonomous systems (AS) can be grouped into four categories, depending on their connectivity and operating policy.

<ol><li><a href="Multihoming" title="Multihoming">multihomed</a>: An AS that maintains connections to more than one other AS. This allows the AS to remain connected to the Internet in the event of a complete failure of one of their connections. However, unlike a transit AS, this type of AS would not allow traffic from one AS to pass through on its way to another AS.</li>

<li><a href="Stub_network" title="Stub network">stub</a>: An AS that is connected to only one other AS. This may be an apparent waste of an AS number if the network's routing policy is the same as its upstream AS's. However, the stub AS may have <a href="Peering" title="Peering">peering</a> with other autonomous systems that is not reflected in public <a href="Looking_Glass_server" title="Looking Glass server">route-view servers</a>. Specific examples include private interconnections in the financial and transportation sectors.</li>

<li><a href="Internet_transit" title="Internet transit">transit</a>: An AS that acts as a router between two ASes is called a transit. Since not all ASes are directly connected with every other AS, a transit AS carries data traffic between one AS to another AS to which it has links.<a href="#cite_note-Paul_2016_BGP-20">[20]</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_Exchange_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Exchange Point">Internet Exchange Point</a> (IX or IXP): A physical infrastructure through which ISPs or <a href="Content_delivery_network" title="Content delivery network">content delivery networks</a> (CDNs) exchange Internet traffic between their networks (autonomous systems). These are often groups of local ISPs that band together to exchange data by splitting the costs of a local networking hub, avoiding the higher costs (and bandwidth charges) of a Transit AS. IXP ASNs are usually transparent. By having presence in an IXP, ASes shorten the transit path to other participating ASes, thereby reducing <a href="Network_latency" class="mw-redirect" title="Network latency">network latency</a> and improving <a href="Round-trip_delay" title="Round-trip delay">round-trip delay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Paul_2016_BGP-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></li></ol>

Autonomous systems can be included in one or more AS-SETs, for example AS-SET of RIPE NCC "AS-12655" has AS1, AS2 and AS3 as its members,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> but AS1 is also included in other sets in ARIN (AS-INCAPSULA) and APNIC (AS-IMCL). Another AS-SET sources can be RADB, LEVEL3 (<a href="Tier_1_network" title="Tier 1 network">tier 1 network</a> now called <a href="Lumen_Technologies" title="Lumen Technologies">Lumen Technologies</a>) and also ARIN has ARIN-NONAUTH source of AS-SETs.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> AS-SETs are created by network operators in an <a href="Internet_Routing_Registry" title="Internet Routing Registry">Internet Routing Registry</a> (IRR), like other route objects, and can be included in other AS-SETs and even form cycles.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a>

AS-SET names usually start with "AS-", but can also have a hierarchical name. For example, the administrator of AS 64500 may create an AS-SET called "AS64500:AS-UPSTREAMS", to avoid conflict with other similarly named AS-SETs.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a>

AS-SETs are often used to simplify management of published routing policies. A routing policy is published in the IRR using "import" and "export" (or the newer "mp-import" and "mp-export") attributes, which each contain the source or destination AS number and the AS number imported or exported. Instead of single AS numbers, AS-SETs can be referenced in these attributes, which simplifies management of complex routing policies.

<ul><li><a href="Administrative_distance" title="Administrative distance">Administrative distance</a></li>

<li><a href="INOC-DBA" title="INOC-DBA">INOC-DBA</a> – a hotline communications system between the network operations centers of major Autonomous Systems</li>

<li><a href="Internet_Routing_Registry" title="Internet Routing Registry">Internet Routing Registry</a></li>

<li><a href="PeeringDB" title="PeeringDB">PeeringDB</a> – a freely available web-based database of networks that are interested in peering</li>

<li><a href="Routing_Assets_Database" title="Routing Assets Database">Routing Assets Database</a> (RADB)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

<li id="cite_note-rfc1930-1"><a href="#cite_ref-rfc1930_1-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHawkinsonBates1996" class="citation cs1">Hawkinson, John; Bates, Tony (March 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1930#section-3">Guidelines for creation, selection, and registration of an Autonomous System (AS)</a>. <a href="Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>. sec. 3. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC1930">10.17487/RFC1930</a>. <a href="Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1930">1930</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRekhterLi1995" class="citation cs1">Rekhter, Yakov; Li, Tony (March 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1771">A Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4)</a>. <a href="Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC1771">10.17487/RFC1771</a>. <a href="Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1771">1771</a>.</cite> (obsoleted by <a href="RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4271">4271</a>)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-rfc4893-3"><a href="#cite_ref-rfc4893_3-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFVohraChen2007" class="citation cs1">Vohra, Quaizar; Chen, Enke (May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4893">BGP Support for Four-octet AS Number Space</a>. <a href="Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC4893">10.17487/RFC4893</a>. <a href="Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4893">4893</a>.</cite> (obsoleted by <a href="RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6793">6793</a>)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-rfc5396-4"><a href="#cite_ref-rfc5396_4-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHustonMichaelson2008" class="citation cs1">Huston, Geoff; Michaelson, George (December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5396">Textual Representation of Autonomous System (AS) Numbers</a>. <a href="Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC5396">10.17487/RFC5396</a>. <a href="Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5396">5396</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-rfc6793-5"><a href="#cite_ref-rfc6793_5-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFQ._VohraE._Chen2012" class="citation cs1">Q. Vohra; E. Chen (December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6793">BGP Support for Four-Octet Autonomous System (AS) Number Space</a>. <a href="IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC6793">10.17487/RFC6793</a>. <a href="Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6793">6793</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161029182359/http://icons.apnic.net/display/ASN/Using+AS+23456">"Using AS 23456: How BGP Uses Conversion or Truncation For Compatibility"</a>. 2008-07-21. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icons.apnic.net/display/ASN/Using+AS+23456">the original</a> on 2016-10-29. Retrieved 2018-12-31.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-rfc6483-7"><a href="#cite_ref-rfc6483_7-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFG._HustonG._Michaelson2012" class="citation cs1">G. Huston; G. Michaelson (February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6483">Validation of Route Origination Using the Resource Certificate Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) and Route Origin Authorizations (ROAs)</a>. <a href="IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC6483">10.17487/RFC6483</a>. <a href="Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6483">6483</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-rfc7300-8"><a href="#cite_ref-rfc7300_8-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJ._HaasJ._Mitchell2014" class="citation cs1">J. Haas; J. Mitchell (July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7300">Reservation of Last Autonomous System (AS) Numbers</a>. <a href="IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC7300">10.17487/RFC7300</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2070-1721">2070-1721</a>. BCP 6. <a href="Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7300">7300</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-rfc7607-9"><a href="#cite_ref-rfc7607_9-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFW._KumariR._BushH._SchillerK._Patel2015" class="citation cs1">W. Kumari; R. Bush; H. Schiller; K. Patel (August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7607">Codification of AS 0 Processing</a>. <a href="IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC7607">10.17487/RFC7607</a>. <a href="Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7607">7607</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://irrexplorer.dashcare.nl/asn/AS0">"IRR explorer"</a>. irrexplorer.dashcare.nl. Retrieved 2021-10-24.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-rfc5398-11"><a href="#cite_ref-rfc5398_11-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFG._Huston2008" class="citation cs1">G. Huston (December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5398">Autonomous System (AS) Number Reservation for Documentation Use</a>. Network Working Group. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC5398">10.17487/RFC5398</a>. <a href="Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5398">5398</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-rfc6996-12"><a href="#cite_ref-rfc6996_12-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJ._Mitchell2013" class="citation cs1">J. Mitchell (July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6996">Autonomous System (AS) Reservation for Private Use</a>. <a href="IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC6996">10.17487/RFC6996</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2070-1721">2070-1721</a>. BCP 6. <a href="Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6996">6996</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBatesSmithHuston" class="citation web cs1">Bates, Tony; Smith, Philip; Huston, Geoff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cidr-report.org/as2.0/">"CIDR report"</a>. Retrieved 2018-12-31.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-public.imtbs-tsp.eu/~maigron/RIR_Stats/RIR_Delegations/World/ASN-ByNb.html">"World - Autonomous System Number statistics - Sorted by number"</a>. Regional Internet Registries Statistics. Retrieved 2018-12-31.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afrinic.net/library/198-how-to-setup-a-lir-">"How to setup a LIR"</a>. www.afrinic.net. Retrieved 23 March 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMar_2017" class="citation web cs1">Mar 2017, Publication date: 14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ripe.net/publications/docs/ripe-679">"Autonomous System (AS) Number Assignment Policies"</a>. RIPE Network Coordination Centre. Retrieved 23 March 2020.</cite><code class="cs1-code">{{cite web}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-iana-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iana_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iana_17-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/as-numbers/as-numbers.xhtml">"Autonomous System (AS) Numbers"</a>. IANA.org. 2018-12-07. Retrieved 2018-12-31.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lacnic.net/en/web/lacnic/revocacion-de-recursos">"Revocation of Internet Resources allocation"</a>. www.lacnic.net. Retrieved 2021-02-17.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.apnic.net/2020/09/02/policy-prop-132-as0-for-unallocated-space-deployed-in-service/">"Policy prop-132 (AS0 for unallocated space) deployed in service"</a>. APNIC Blog. 2020-09-02. Retrieved 2020-09-12.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Paul_2016_BGP-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_2016_BGP_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_2016_BGP_20-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFKrzyzanowski2016" class="citation web cs1">Krzyzanowski, Paul (21 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.cs.rutgers.edu/~pxk/352/notes/autonomous_systems.html">"Understanding Autonomous Systems: Routing and Peering"</a>. <a href="Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a>, Department of Computer Science. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220303153053/https://people.cs.rutgers.edu/~pxk/352/notes/autonomous_systems.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cloudflare.com/en-gb/learning/cdn/glossary/internet-exchange-point-ixp/">"Glossary: Internet exchange point (IXP)"</a>. <a href="CloudFlare" class="mw-redirect" title="CloudFlare">CloudFlare</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220330010306/https://www.cloudflare.com/en-gb/web/20211103131937/https://www.cloudflare.com/en-gb/learning/cdn/glossary/internet-exchange-point-ixp/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bgp.he.net/irr/as-set/AS-12655">"AS-12655 - bgp.he.net"</a>. bgp.he.net. Retrieved 2021-10-24.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://irrexplorer.nlnog.net/asn/AS1">"IRR explorer"</a>. irrexplorer.nlnog.net. Retrieved 2022-01-30.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://irrexplorer.nlnog.net/as-set/AS-ROSTELECOM">"IRR explorer"</a>. irrexplorer.nlnog.net. Retrieved 2022-01-30.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ididb.ru/asset/#AS-ROSTELECOM">"IDIDB - Объекты AS-SET"</a>. www.ididb.ru. Retrieved 2021-10-24.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.db.ripe.net/docs/04.RPSL-Object-Types/02-Descriptions-of-Primary-Objects.html#description-of-the-as-set-object">"Descriptions of Primary Objects - RIPE Database Docs"</a>. Retrieved 2023-04-05.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.ripe.net/">RIPEstat</a> – Internet Measurements and Analysis</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radb.net/">Merit</a> <a href="Routing_Assets_Database" title="Routing Assets Database">RADb</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bgp.he.net">Hurricane Electric BGP Toolkit</a></li>

<li><a href="PeeringDB" title="PeeringDB">PeeringDB</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.peeringdb.com/">https://www.peeringdb.com/</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.robtex.com/">Robtex: Various kinds of research of IP numbers, Domain names, ASN, etc</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.netsniff-ng.org/">astraceroute, an AS traceroute utility (part of netsniff-ng)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cidr-report.org/as2.0/">CIDR and ASN assignment report</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bgplookingglass.com/list-of-autonomous-system-numbers">Partial List of Autonomous system numbers</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.lookinglass.org">Lookin'STAT Graph: number of Autonomous systems online</a></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-15" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Autonomous_system_(Internet)&oldid=1295799912">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>